Appendices

Appendix 1. Literature sources of raw density and carbon concentration data.

Appendix 2. CWD Absolute density and its uncertainty for each decay class by species present in the U.S. FIA system.

Appendix 3. CWD relative density and its uncertainty for each decay class by species present in the U.S. FIA system.

Appendix 4. FWD absolute and relative density and their uncertainty for each size class by species present in the U.S. FIA system.

Appendix 5. Specific examples of estimates of the mean and uncertainty for various levels in the calculation hierarchy.

Appendix 6. Specific examples of estimates of the mean and uncertainty for various levels in the calculation hierarchy.

Tables

Table 1. Biomass to carbon conversion factors for CWD based on percent carbon of samples.

Table 2. Biomass to carbon conversion factors for FWD based on percent carbon of samples.

Figures

Figure 1. Density of all species sampled by decay class. Each point represents the mean of a species that has been sampled for each decay class (CWD).

Figure 2. Density of hardwood versus softwood by decay class. The mean as well as the minimum and maximum for each class are displayed (CWD).

Figure 3. Relative density of all species by decay class. Each point represents a species that has been sampled for each decay class. The relative density is the observed density divided by the initial or green density (CWD).

Figure 4. Relative density of hardwood versus softwood by decay class. The mean as well as the minimum and maximum for each class are displayed (CWD).

Figure 5. Mean relative density for common temperate genera (CWD).

Figure 6. Examples of the mean, minimum, and maximum relative density for genera that have been well sampled. The number of species and total number of samples for each decay class are noted. A-Abies; B-Picea; C-Pinus; D-Quercus (CWD)

Figure 7. Relative density reduction patterns. The mean, minimum, and maximum relative density are presented for each pattern. A- steady decline (S); B- lag followed by steady decline (LS); C- super lag followed by steady decline (SLS); D- asymptotic (A); E- mid-plateau in density (MP); F-minimum and maximum of relative density. (CWD)

Figure 7a. Mean relative density for a steady (S) reduction pattern (CWD).

Figure 7b. Mean relative density for a lag-steady (LS) reduction pattern (CWD).

Figure 7c. Mean relative density for a super-lag-steady (SLS) reduction pattern (CWD).

Figure 7d. Mean relative density for a asymptotic (A) reduction pattern (CWD).

Figure 7e. Mean relative density for a mid-plateau (MP) reduction pattern (CWD).

Figure 8. Distribution of density of undecayed pieces of FWD for three size classes.

Figure 9. Observed ratios of green or undecayed bole to branch density for three size classes.

Figure 10. Density of decayed FWD pieces for three size classes.

Figure 11. Relative density of decayed FWD for three size classes.

Figure 12. Uncertainty in CWD mass estimates using various relative reduction density patterns. The differences in two common density reduction patterns relative to that of Douglas-fir in estimated biomass assuming various volume distributions (uniform, peaked, negative exponential, and observed).

Figure 13. Uncertainty in CWD mass estimates based on the ranges expected for a well studied species, a well studied genus, and all the species sampled. The volume distributions included uniform, peaked, negative exponential, and observed.

Figure 14. Possible changes in FWD relative density caused by pulses of undecayed FWD of various sizes relative to background levels. In this case the pulse of FWD was assumed to disappear at a rate 10% year to a relative density of 0.2. The averaged relative density for FWD from regular mortality processes was assumed to be 0.8.